This study presents evidence about the direct and indirect economic effects of the rural telecommunications industry. The direct effects consider the industry from the perspective of national income accounting (the approach used to calculate the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measure). The indirect economic effects are not measured in income accounting.

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Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth greets Supreme Allied Commander Europe General Christopher Cavoli before the North Atlantic Council meeting of defense ministers on February 13, 2025, in Brussels, Belgium. (Omar Havana via Getty Images)